Every in-kind donation of goods gets recorded at fair market value on the date you receive it. Not the date the donor promises it, not the date you put it to use. The date it arrives. Fair market value means what the item would sell for on the open market in its current condition. A dentist donating a used sterilization unit worth $3,000 new might have a fair market value of $1,200 based on age and condition. That $1,200 is what hits your books.

For physical goods this is fairly straightforward. Research comparable items, document how you arrived at the value, and keep that documentation with your records. If someone donates auction items, event supplies, or office furniture, look at what similar items sell for online or get an appraisal for higher-value gifts. The key is having a defensible number if anyone questions it later.

Donated services are trickier because not all of them get recorded. Under GAAP, you only record donated services if they meet one of two tests. First, the service creates or enhances a non-financial asset. A contractor who builds shelving for your food pantry qualifies because the labor created something tangible. Second, the service requires specialized skills that the donor actually possesses. An attorney providing pro bono legal work qualifies. A CPA doing your audit for free qualifies. A volunteer stuffing envelopes does not, even if they do it for eight hours every Saturday. That volunteer time is valuable to your mission but it does not belong on your financial statements.

When you do record a qualifying donated service, book it as both revenue (contribution) and expense (the service category) at fair market value. This keeps your financials accurate without inflating your net assets.

For nonprofit bookkeeping, set up a dedicated income account in your chart of accounts for in-kind contributions. Separate goods from services so your reporting is clean. Your Form 990 requires disclosure of in-kind donations and having them properly categorized all year makes that filing dramatically easier.

Tax receipts have specific rules. For any single gift worth more than $250, you must provide the donor a written acknowledgment. Describe what was donated but do not state the dollar value. The donor is responsible for determining fair market value for their own tax return. If your nonprofit states a value and it gets challenged by the IRS, you’ve created a problem for your donor and potentially for your organization’s credibility. Simply describe the item or service, confirm no goods or services were provided in exchange (or describe what was, if applicable), and include the date of the donation.

For gifts under $250, a receipt is still good practice even though it’s not legally required. Donors appreciate it, and it creates a paper trail on your end.

One thing that catches many nonprofits off guard is consistency. You need a written policy for how you handle in-kind donations. Who determines fair market value? What documentation do you require from donors? How quickly do you issue acknowledgments? Having a policy protects you during audits and keeps your records reliable whether you receive ten donations a year or ten a week.

If your books have fallen behind on tracking in-kind gifts or you’re not sure past donations were recorded correctly, getting that cleaned up before your next Form 990 filing is important. Whether your nonprofit needs help with this or a construction company needs construction job costing in Phoenix, the principle is the same. Good financial data starts with recording things correctly from the beginning.